ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Gallbladder polyps are becoming a common finding in ultrasound. The management has to consider the potential risk of malignant lesions. AIMS: The aim of this study was to analyze the ultrasound findings in patients undergoing cholecystectomy due to gallbladder polyps and compare them for histopathological findings (HPs). METHODS: Patients with an ultrasonographic diagnosis of gallbladder polyp and who underwent cholecystectomy from 2007 to 2020 were included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 447 patients were included, of whom 58% were women. The mean age was 45±12 years. The mean size of polyps in US was 7.9±3.6 mm. Notably, 9% of polyps were greater than 10 mm, and single polyps were significantly larger than the multiple ones (p=0.003). Histopathological findings confirmed the presence of polyps in 88.4%, with a mean size of 4.8±3.4 mm. In all, 16 cases were neoplastic polyps (4.1%), 4 of them being malignancies, and all were single and larger than 10 mm. We found a significant correlation between ultrasound and histopathological findings polyp size determination (r=0.44; p<0.001). The Bland-Altman analysis obtained an overestimation of the US size of 3.26 mm. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis between both measures obtained an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.77 (95%CI 0.74–0.81). Ultrasound polyps size larger than 10 mm had an odds ratio (OR) of 8.147 (95%CI 2.56–23.40) for the presence of adenoma and malignancy, with a likelihood ratio of 2.78. CONCLUSIONS: There is a positive correlation and appropriate diagnostic accuracy between ultrasound size of gallbladder polyps compared to histopathological records, with a trend to overestimate the size by about 3 mm. Neoplastic polyps are uncommon, and it correlates with size. Polyps larger than 10 mm were associated with adenoma and malignancy.

RESUMO RACIONAL: Os pólipos da vesícula biliar estão se tornando um achado comum na ultrassonografia (US). O manejo deve levar em consideração o risco de lesões malignas. OBJETIVOS: Analisar os achados da ultrassonografia em pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia por pólipos vesicais e compará-los com os achados histopatológicos. MÉTODOS: Foram revisados os prontuários médicos dos pacientes com diagnóstico ultrassonográfico de pólipo vesicular e submetidos à colecistectomia no período de 2007 a 2020. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 447 pacientes. A média de idade foi 45±12anos, sendo 58% mulheres. O tamanho médio dos pólipos na US foide 7,9±3,6mm. Nove por cento foram maiores que 10 mm, e os pólipos únicos encontrados foram maiores do que os múltiplos (p=0,003). A HP confirmou a presença de pólipos em 88,4%, tamanho médio 4,8±3,4mm. Dezesseis eram pólipos neoplásicos (4,1%) e quatro deles malignos, únicos e maiores que 10 mm. Foi encontrado correlação significativa entre a determinação do tamanho do pólipo ao ultrassonografia e histopatológicos (r=0,44; p<0,001). A análise de Bland-Altman obteve uma superestimação do tamanho do pólipo ao US em 3,26 mm. A análise da curva da característica de operação do receptor entre as duas medidas obteve uma área sob a curva curva da característica de operação do receptor (AUC) de 0,77 (IC95% 0,74–0,81). Pólipos ao ultrassonografia maiores que 10 mm apresentaram razão de chance (OR) de 8,147 (IC95% 2,56–23,40) para presença de adenoma e malignidade, com razão de verossimilhança de 2,78. CONCLUSÕES: Há uma correlação positiva e acurácia diagnóstica apropriada entre o tamanho dos pólipos da vesícula biliar por ultrassonografia em comparação com os achados histopatológicos, com uma tendência de superestimar o tamanho em cerca de 3 mm. Pólipos maiores que 10 mm foram associados a adenoma e malignidade.

In the design of foundations in piled rafts, a great number of unknown facts are determined in order to obtain a rational foundation, which in turn meets the requirements of the project. The use of spreadsheets facilitates the work for the designer, to estimate the dimensions of foundation, thus evaluating the influence of various parameters involved in the design, so as to finally use computer programs for the final calculation. This paper shows the results obtained from spreadsheets programmed by MathCad and, it compares the values of the estimated curve load v/s deformation of spreadsheets with the results of full scale models and others from literature on the subject.

En el diseño de cimentaciones en balsas combinadas con pilotes, se determina un gran número de incógnitas de forma tal que se obtenga una cimentación racional y que a su vez cumpla con los requerimientos de proyecto. El empleo de hojas de cálculo, facilita el trabajo del proyectista, al poder predimensionar la cimentación, evaluando la influencia de los diferentes parámetros que intervienen en el diseño, para finalmente utilizar programas de cómputos para el cálculo definitivo. En este trabajo se muestran los resultados obtenidos con hojas de cálculo programadas en MathCad y se comparan los valores de la curva estimada carga vs deformación de las hojas de cálculo con resultados de modelos a escala real y otros de la literatura sobre el tema.

Introducción. Han transcurrido 57 años del primer transplante renal exitoso en el mundo realizado en 1954. En Bolivia fue hecho en noviembre de 1979 por el equipo del Dr. Néstor Orihuela Montero. Para la realización de un transplante de donante cadavérico se precisa de la identificación del o de los potenciales donantes de órganos con muerte encefálica, quienes deben cumplir los criterios clínicos para certificar este estado, citados en el anexo B del Reglamento 24671 de la ley de transplante renal. Caso clínico: El donante con muerte encefálica fue un paciente masculino de 56 años, sin antecedentes nefrológicos de daño renal previos. De los 5 potenciales receptores fueron elegidos 2 de acuerdo a mejor resultado en HLA y cross match, el primero de ellos masculino de 29 años y el segundo femenino de 32 años. En el procedimiento citado se cumplieron todos los pasos estipulados en la norma vigente. Discusión y conclusiones: Existen problemas de índole administrativo y legal que deben ser superados para los siguientes procedimientos. Por otro lado se debe garantizar la provisión de insumos, tecnología y otros para la realización del transplante renal en todas sus modalidades incluida la del donante cadavérico.

Introduction. Fifty seven years have elapsed from the first successful kidney transplant in the world, in 1954. In Bolivia was made in November 1979 by Dr. Nestor Orihuela Montero. In order to do a deceased donor transplant is needed Identification or potential organ donors with brain death, who must meet clinical criteria for certifying this state, as identified in Annex B to Regulation 24671 of Transplant Law Renal. Case report: The brain-dead donor was a 56 year old male patient with no history of renal damage prior nephrology. Of the 5 potential recipients were chosen 2 according to best result in HLA and cross match, the first one male of 29 years and the second female of 32 years. In the above procedure will meet all of the steps outlined in the existing standard. Discussion and conclusions: There are problems of administrative and legal nature must be overcome for the following procedures. On the other hand should ensure the provision of inputs, technology and others for the realization of renal transplantation in all its forms including that of deceased donor.